Pour les articles homonymes, voir Piccolo. Ottavia Piccolo est une actrice italienne, n. Votre aide est la bienvenue ! Elle est apparue dans 4.
Oboe - Wikipedia. For other uses, see OBOE. Oboes. OH- boh are a family of double reedwoodwindmusical instruments. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range. Oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly 6. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air.
The distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as . Italian obo. A musician who plays the oboe is called an . The Sprightly Companion, an instruction book published by Henry Playford in 1. As a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note of the oboe is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B.
Since the clarinet has a wider range of notes, the lowest note of the B. Orchestras normally tune to a concert A played by the oboe. The reed has a significant effect on the sound of the instrument. Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch of the instrument. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, causing the sound of the oboe to vary accordingly. Weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch. Skilled oboists adjust their embouchure to compensate for these factors.
Subtle manipulation of embouchure and air pressure allows the player to express timbre and dynamics. History. This name was also used for its predecessor, the shawm, from which the basic form of the hautbois was derived. Circumstantial evidence, such as the statement by the flautist composer Michel de la Barre in his Memoire, points to members of the Philidor (Filidor) and Hotteterre families. The instrument may in fact have had multiple inventors. In order to produce higher pitches, the player has to .
Notable oboe- makers of the period are the Germans Jacob Denner and J. H. Eichentopf, and the English Thomas Stanesby (died 1. Thomas Jr (died 1.
The range for the Baroque oboe comfortably extends from C4 to D6. With the resurgence of interest in early music in the mid 2. Classical oboe, copy by Sand Dalton of an original by Johann Friedrich Floth, c.
A key similar to the modern octave key was also added called the . The narrower bore allows the higher notes to be more easily played, and composers began to more often utilize the oboe's upper register in their works. Because of this, the oboe's tessitura in the Classical era was somewhat broader than that found in Baroque works. The range for the Classical oboe extends from C4 to F6 (using the scientific pitch notation system), though some German and Austrian oboes are capable of playing one half- step lower. Classical- era composers who wrote concertos for oboe include Mozart (both the solo concerto in C major K. Sinfonia Concertante in E. F major concerto K.
Haydn, (both the Sinfonia Concertante in B. I: 1. 05 and the spurious concerto in C major Hob. VIIg: C1), Beethoven (the F major concerto, Hess 1. Johann Christian Bach, Johann Christian Fischer, Jan Anton. Many solos exist for the regular oboe in chamber, symphonic, and operatic compositions from the Classical era.
Viennese or Wiener oboe. The Akademiemodel Wiener Oboe, first developed in the late 1. Josef Hajek from earlier instruments by C. Golde of Dresden (1. It has a wider internal bore, a shorter and broader reed and the fingering- system is very different than the conservatoire oboe. Its great advantage is the ease of speaking, even in the lowest register. It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments.
Using the Boehm flute as a source of ideas for key work, Guillaume Triebert and his sons, Charles and Frederic, devised a series of increasingly complex yet functional key systems. A variant form using large tone holes, the Boehm system oboe, was never in common use, though it was used in some military bands in Europe into the 2. Minor improvements to the bore and key work have continued through the 2.
Ebony (genus Diospyros) has also been used. Student model oboes are often made from plastic resin, to avoid instrument cracking to which wood instruments are prone, but also to make the instrument more economical. The oboe has an extremely narrow conical bore. It is played with a double reed consisting of two thin blades of cane tied together on a small- diameter metal tube (staple) which is inserted into the reed socket at the top of the instrument.
The commonly accepted range for the oboe extends from B. Some student oboes only extend down to B3 (the key for B. However this variant is becoming less common. A modern oboe with the . The keys are usually made of nickel silver, and are silver- or occasionally gold- plated. Besides the full conservatoire system, oboes are also made using the British thumbplate system.
Some full- conservatory oboes have finger holes covered with rings rather than plates (. Professional oboes used in the UK and Iceland frequently feature conservatoire system combined with a thumb plate. Releasing the thumb plate has the same effect as pressing down the right- hand index- finger key. This produces alternate options which eliminate the necessity for most of the common cross- intervals (intervals where two or more keys need to be released and pressed down simultaneously), but cross intervals are much more difficult to execute in such a way that the sound remains clear and continuous throughout the frequency change (a quality also called legato and often called- for in the oboe repertoire). Other members of the oboe family. The most widely known today is the cor anglais, or English horn, the tenor (or alto) member of the family.
A transposing instrument; it is pitched in F, a perfect fifth lower than the oboe. The oboe d'amore, the alto (or mezzo- soprano) member of the family, is pitched in A, a minor third lower than the oboe. Bach made extensive use of both the oboe d'amore as well as the taille and oboe da caccia, Baroque antecedents of the cor anglais. Even less common is the bass oboe (also called baritone oboe), which sounds one octave lower than the oboe. Delius and Holst both scored for the instrument. Similar to the bass oboe is the more powerful heckelphone, which has a wider bore and larger tone than the baritone oboe.
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Only 1. 65 heckelphones have ever been made. Not surprisingly, competent heckelphone players are difficult to find due to the extreme rarity of this particular instrument. These include the musette (France) and the piston oboe and bombarde (Brittany), the piffero and ciaramella (Italy), and the xirimia (also spelled chirimia) (Spain). Many of these are played in tandem with local forms of bagpipe, particularly with the Italian zampogna or Breton biniou. Similar oboe- like instruments, most believed to derive from Middle Eastern models, are also found throughout Asia as well as in North Africa.
Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response. Most professional oboists make their own reeds since every oboist needs a slightly different reed to suit his or her individual needs.
By making their own reeds, oboists can precisely control factors such as tone colour and tuning. Occasionally, novice oboists may begin with a Fibrecane reed, which is made of a synthetic material. Commercially available cane reeds are available in several degrees of hardness; a medium reed is usually used, and most beginners use medium- soft reeds. These reeds, like clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon reeds, are made from Arundo donax. As oboists gain more experience, they may start making their own reeds after the model of their teacher, or buying hand- made reeds (usually from a professional oboist) and using special tools including gougers, pre- gougers, guillotines, knives, and other tools to make the reed to their own liking. Orchestral musicians sometimes do this .
Many professional musicians import their reed cane .. Oboes require thicknesses of about 1. The reed is considered the part of oboe playing that makes it so difficult because slight variations in temperature, altitude, weather, and climate will change a perfectly working reed into an unplayable collection of cane. Notable classical works featuring the oboe. Concerto for Violin and oboe, lost oboe concerti, numerous oboe obbligato lines in the sacred and secular cantatas.
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Samuel Barber, Canzonetta, op. Temporal Variations, Two Insect Pieces, Phantasy Quartet, op. Elliott Carter, Oboe Concerto (1.
Roger Lord. Madeleine Dring, Trio for oboe, flute and piano. Henri Dutilleux, Les Citations for oboe, harpsichord, double bass and percussion (1. Eric Ewazen, Down a River of Time, oboe and string orchestra (1. George Frideric Handel, . Sonatas. Joseph Haydn (spurious- possibly by Malzat), Oboe Concerto in C major.
Hans Werner Henze, Doppio concerto, for oboe, harp, and string orchestra (1. Jennifer Higdon, Oboe Concerto, 2. Paul Hindemith, Sonata for Oboe and Piano. Heinz Holliger, Sonata, for unaccompanied oboe (1. Antonio Lotti, Concerto for oboe d'amore.
Witold Lutos. 2. 94, for oboe, violin, viola, cello, and doublebass (1. Sonatina, op. 3. 37, for oboe and piano (1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Oboe Concerto in C major, Quartet in F major for oboe, violin, viola, and cello. Carl Nielsen, Two Fantasy Pieces for Oboe and Piano, op. Antonio Pasculli, oboe concertos for oboe and piano/orchestra. Francis Poulenc, Oboe Sonata.
Sergei Prokofiev, Quintet for Oboe, Clarinet, Violin, Viola and Bass op. Maurice Ravel, Le Tombeau de Couperin. Edmund Rubbra, Oboe Sonata.
Camille Saint- Sa. One exception was Derek Bell, harpist for the Irish group The Chieftains, who used the regular instrument in some performances and recordings. The United States contra dance band Wild Asparagus, based in western Massachusetts, also uses the oboe, played by David Cantieni. The folk musician Paul Sartin plays the oboe in several English folk bands including Faustus and Bellowhead.